Контрольная 12 (тест) - Контрольные и тесты - УМКД: специальность 10. 02. 16 - переводоведение - Каталог файлов

	25.11.2009, 09:42
Tests on the history of translation Encircle the right point: 1. «The world of the translator is inhabited by an extraordinary number of dichotomies, reflecting divisions which either exist or are supposed to exist between mutually exclusive opposites». Who might the author of this quotation be: a. Basil Hatim and Yan Mason; b. Theodore Savory; c. Ezra Pound; d. Walter Benjamin. 2. «…rules regulating patterns of usage may be systematically defied for rhetorical effect. When this happens, a translation problem invariably occurs». Who might the author of this quotation be: a. Basil Hatim and Yan Mason; b. Peter Newmark; c. Vladimir Nabokov; d. Walter Benjamin. 3. «…the reason to select a reasonably sized portion of the text for attentional focus at any one time is the same whether one considers this portion a structure and calls it, for instance, a clause, or whether one considers it a sense unit and calls it, for instance, a proposition, an idea-unit, or a sense unit. The point is that ’meaning’ is realized in the language of the source text and must be realized subsequently in the language of the target text, and it makes no more sense to suggest that translators can ignore linguistic units than it would to suggest that car drivers can ignore the steering mechanism when turning corners». Who might the author of this quotation be: a. Mona Baker; b. Peter Newmark; c. Vladimir Nabokov; d. Encyclopedia. 4. «Most translators and interpreters the world over refuse to conceive that their practice can be conceptualised or that such a conceptualisation could help improve it. Translators and interpreters read as much about translation and interpreting as shoe-makers about shoe-making; if they consider themselves professionals it tends to be on the basis of their otherwise unconnected college degrees. Indeed, most interpreting courses are postgraduate, an afterthought, as it were, to those otherwise unconnected degrees. It is time our institutions realised that training and forming are different things. Doctors are not merely trained, nurses are. If translation and interpreting institutions want to produce professionals with comparable knowledge and skills, then they have to form their students along parallel lines». Who might the author of this quotation be: a. Hugo Friedrich; b. Sergio Viaggio; c. Roman Jakobson; d. Encyclopedia. 5. «The reality of any given situation, especially but not exclusively in the business world, is typically that an enormous quantity of work needs to be done immediately, preferably yesterday, and there are never enough hands or eyes or brains to do it. From a user’s "external” point of view, obviously, the ideal translation would be utterly reliable, available immediately, and free. Like most ideals, this one is impossible. Nothing is utterly reliable, everything takes time, and there ain’t no such thing as a free lunch». Who might the author of this quotation be: a. Hugo Friedrich; b. John Dryden; c. Roman Jakobson; d. Douglas Robinson. 6. «I constantly find in reviews of verse translation the following kind of thing that sends me into spasms of helpless fury: "Mr. (or Miss) So-and-so’s translation reads smoothly.” In other words, the reviewer of the "translation”, who neither has, nor would be able to have, without special study, any knowledge whatsoever of the original, praises as "readable” an imitation only because the drudge or the rhymester has substituted every platitudes for the breathtaking intricacies of the text. "Readable, indeed! A schoolboy’s boner is less of a mockery in regard to the ancient masterpiecethan its commercial interpretation or poetization. "Rhyme” rhymes with "crime”, when Homer or Hamlet are rhymed. The term "free translation” smacks of knavery and tyranny. It is when the translator sets out to render the "spirit” – not the textual sense – that he begins to traduce the author. The clumsiest literal translation is a thousand times more useful than the prettiest paraphrase». Who might the author of this quotation be: a. Arthur Schopenhauer; b. Friedrich Schleiermacher; c. Roman Jakobson; d. Vladimir Nabokov. 7. «Systematizing translation problems in the first stages of translation training can be compared with a kind of supporting ‘corset’: as soon as the students have learned to deal with the basic rules of the ‘craft’, they may lay aside the corset and feel free to try out their own creative ways of solving translation problems». Who might the author of this quotation be: a. Christiane Nord; b. Friedrich Schleiermacher; c. Wilhelm von Humboldt; d. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. 8. «Translation and interpreting would be regenerated and able to shed their hitherto Cinderella images». Who might the author of this quotation be: a. Anne-Marie Beukes; b. Dante Gabriel Rossetti; c. Friedrich Nietzsche d. José Ortega y Gasset. 9. «Training is not just a matter of translation and interpreting exercises, which can be compared to simulated experience. Translation theory is equally important because it offers us a chance to rise above grass-root level, to see the wood and not just the trees… translation theory can thus be said to have the same function with regard to the study of interpreting and translation as grammar has with regard to the study of languages». Who might the author of this quotation be: a. Sergio Viaggio; b. Paul Valéry; c. Rune Ingo; d. José Ortega y Gasset. 10. «I have met professional translators who actually argue strongly against formal academic training because, they suggest, translation is an art which requires aptitude, practice, and general knowledge – nothing more. The ability to translate is a gift, they say: you either have it or you do not, and theory (almost a dirty word in some translation circles) is therefore irrelevant to the work of a translator. To take the analogy with medicine a step further: if we accept this line of thinking we will never be seen as anything but witch doctors and faith healers. And while it may well suit some individuals to think that they can heal people because they have magic powers or a special relationship with God, rather than because they have a thorough and conscious understanding of drugs and of the human body, the fact remains that witch doctory and faith healing are not recognized professions and that medicine is». Who might the author of this quotation be: a. Sergio Viaggio; b. Mona Baker; c. Rune Ingo; d. Octavio Paz. 11. «In other words, a single word which consists of a single morpheme can sometimes express a more complex set of meanings than a whole sentence. Languages automatically develop very concise forms for referring to complex concepts if the concepts become important enough to be talked about often. ‘If we should ever need to talk regularly and frequently about independently operated sawmills from which striking workers are locked out on Thursday when the temperature is between 500% and 600% F, we would find a concise way to do it. We do not usually realize how semantically complex a word is until we have to translate it into a language which does not have an equivalent for it. An example of such a semantically complex word is arruação, a Brazilian word which means ‘clearing the ground under coffee trees of rubbish and piling it in the middle of the row in order to aid in the recovery of beans dropped during harvesting’ (ITI News, 1988:57) vol.3, no. 3, December, 1988. Institute of Translation and Interpreting, United Kingdom». Who might the author of this quotation be: a. Peter Szondi; b. Mona Baker; c. Yves Bonnefoy; d. Octavio Paz. 12. «If you wish to gain a good and flexible style, newspapers must not be your only reading, nor must you read them too much. Such a style can only be learnt from good and careful writers. Read as much and as carefully as you can, and your style will insensibly be influenced by what you read». Who might the author of this quotation be: a. Jeremy Munday; b. Mona Baker; c. Kathleen Baron; d. Henry Schogt. 13. The days of the Jerome model are now numbered, at least in the West. The model is characterised by the presence of a central, sacred text, that of the Bible, which must be translated with the utmost fidelity, and the early ideal of that fidelity was the interlinear translation, in which one word would match another, indeed, in which the translated word would be written under the word it was supposed to translate. Even if the interlinear ideal could not be maintained in practice, short of producing a text syntactically so skewed as to become unintelligible, it did remain the ideal, not just for Biblical translation, but also, by extension, for translations of other texts. Precisely because it could never be realised, the ideal continued to haunt translators and those who thought about translation over the centuries. Since it could not be realised, de facto compromises were necessary, which were, of course, entered into, although at the double price of interminable wrangling about precisely how 'faithful' faithfulness should be, or what could really be termed an 'equivalent' of what and, more importantly, of generating a perennial feeling of guilt in translators and of permanently marginalising them in society as necessary evils, more evil at some times, more necessary at others (Bassnett, 1996: 2). Who might the author of this quotation be: a. Michael Riffaterre; b. Douglas Robinson; c. Jacques Derrida; d. Susan Bassnett and André Lefevere. 14. «Does one translate in words, phrases, sentences or in larger units? Do professional translators translate at a different level of analysis from student translators? If the units of analysis were seen as a criterion of translation competence (Gerloff, 1987), then one could design quite interesting experiments that measured the size of the "chunks’ that translators processed. Who might the author of this quotation be: a. Michael Riffaterre; b. Stuart Campbell; c. Hans Vermeer; d. Gregory Rabassa. 15. «Our profession is based on knowledge and experience. It has the longest apprenticeship of any profession. Not until thirty do you start to be useful as a translator, not until fifty do you start to be in your prime. The first stage of the career pyramid – the apprenticeship stage – is the time we devote to investing in ourselves by acquiring knowledge and experience in life. Let me propose a little path: granparents of different nationalities, a good school education in which you learn to read, write, spell, construe and love your own language. Then roam the world, make friends, see life. Go back to education, but to take a technical or commercial degree, not a language degree. Spend the rest of your twenties and your early thirties in the countries whose languages you speak, working in industry or commerce but not directly in languages. Never marry into your own nationality. Have your children. Then back to a postgraduate translation course. A staff job as a translator, and then go freelance. By which time you are forty and ready to begin». Who might the author of this quotation be: a. Margaret Sayers Peden; b. Lanna Castellano; c. Hans Vermeer; d. Burton Raffel. 16. «Hybridyzation has been a feature of English since Anglo-Saxon times. Any history of English shows that the language has always been something of a "vacuum cleaner”, sucking in words and expressions from the other languages with which it has come into contact. … But today, with more contact being made with other languages than ever before, the scale of the borrowing is much greater than it has been in the past. A wider range of languages is involved: there are over 350 modern languages listed in the etymology filed of the Oxford English Dictionary. And the borrowing is now found in all varieties of English, and not just in the more academic or professional domains». Who might the author of this quotation be: a. Peter Newmark; b. George Lakoff; c. David Crystal; d. Edmund Keeley. 17. «A translator that would write with any force of spirit of an original must never dwell on the words of his author. He ought to possess himself entirely and perfectly comprehend the genius and sense of his author, the nature of the subject, and the terms of the art or subject treated of. And then he will express himself as justly, and with as much life, as if he wrote an original: whereas he who copies word for word loses all the spirit in the tedious transfusion». Who might the author of this quotation be: a. Donald Frame; b. John Dryden; c. Jeremy Munday; d. John Felstiner. 18. «…we find the following statement by Saint Jerome, which sounds even in his words like a declaration of power by a Roman emperor: "The translator considers thought content a prisoner which he transplants into his own language with the prerogative of a conqueror.” This is one of the most rigorous manifestations of Latin cultural and linguistic imperialism, which despises the foreign word as something alien but appropriates the foreign meaning in order to dominate it through the translator’s own language... Translation is seen as a contest with the original text… The goal is to surpass the original and, in doing so, to consider the original as a source of inspiration for the creation of new expressions in one’s own language… The beginning of this premise can be traced back to Quintilian and Pliny; it was to become the dominant characteristic of European translation theories of the Renaissance» (Friedrich, 1992:13). Who might the author of this quotation be: a. John Dryden; b. Hugo Friedrich; c. Jeremy Munday; d. Friedrich Schleiermacher. 19. «…with the communication explosion which the world is experiencing, the translator or interpreter is being called upon, more often than ever before, to work with texts which are remarkably creative and which display marked degrees of dynamism (i. e. interestingness)... …rules regulating patterns of usage may be systematically defied for rhetorical effect. When this happens, a translation problem invariably occurs». Who might the author of this quotation be: a. Mona Baker; b. Peter Newmark; c. Basil Hatim and Yan Mason; d. Jeremy Munday. 20. «The time is passed when translations were expected to be formally equivalent to the original. Nowadays, of course, a more liberal principle of translation is recommended. We hear, for instance, of dynamic equivalence (Nida and Taber 1974) or communicative translation (Newmark 1988), terms which above all emphasize the importance of communicating the meaning of a text. I myself (Ingo 1990a) have used the term flexible translation to stress the good old rule of thumb "as accurately as possible, as freely as necessary». Who might the author of this quotation be: a. Rune Ingo; b. Peter Newmark; c. Douglas Robinson; d. Jeremy Munday. 21. «Languages differ essentially in what they must convey and not in what they may convey». Who might the author of this quotation be: a. Rune Ingo; b. Roman Jakobson; c. William Weaver; d. Christopher Middleton. 22. «…all well-formed texts, oral and written, possess all of the following characteristics: 1. They are cohesive in texture. 2. They are coherent and exhibit a particular structure. 3. They serve a clear rhetorical purpose as texts. 4. They relay specific attitudinal meanings as discourse. 5. They are in keeping with the requirements of certain conventional formats as genres. 6. They serve a set of mutually relevant communicative intentions pragmatically». Who might the author of this quotation be: a. Edward Seidensticker; b. Peter Newmark; c. Basil Hatim and Yan Yan Mason d. Anthony Pym. 23. «Much of the evidence presented in this paper is anecdotal. It can do little more than provide motivation for hypotheses. There is a real need for empirical research into these hybrid language situations. But it is plain that the emergence of hybrid trends and varieties raises all kinds of theoretical and pedagogical questions: - They blur the long-standing distinctions between "first”, "second” and "foreign” language. - They make us reconsider the notion of "standard”, especially when we find such hybrids being used confidently and fluently by groups of people who have education and influence in their own regional setting. - They present the traditionally clear-cut notion of "translation” with all kinds of fresh problems… … Hybrids give us new challenges in relation to language attitudes: for example, at what point would our insistence on the need for translation cause an adverse reaction from the participants, who might maintain they are "speaking English”, even though we cannot understand them?». Who might the author of this quotation be: a. Mona Baker; b. Peter Newmark; c. Eugene Nida; d. David Crystal. 24. «However inchoate the norms may be, they collectively give us our bearings for responding to a style. They account for our general sense of the appropriacy and inappropriacy of language as reflected in impromptu observations about style, varying from Queen Victoria’s remark on Mr Gladstone that ‘he speaks to Me as if I were a public meeting’, to more everyday comments like ‘No one would ever speak like that’, and to attributions like colloquial, journalistic, biblical, childlike, pedantic». Who might the author of this quotation be: a. Mona Baker; b. Geoffrey Leech; c. Eugene Nida; d. John Catford. 25. «…English (is) being pulled in the direction of these foreign language patterns. A common feature, evidently, is to accomodate to an increasingly syllable-timed rhythm. Others include the use of simplified constructions, and the avoidance of idioms and colloquial vocabulary, a slower rate of speech, and the use of clearer patterns of articulation (avoiding some of the assimilations and elisions which would be natural in a first-language setting) ». Who might the author of this quotation be: a. Jeremy Munday; b. David Crystal; c. John Dryden; d. John Catford. 26. «I take imitation of an author … to be an endeavour of a later poet to write like one who has written before him, on the same subject; that is, not to translate his words, or to be confined to his sense, but only to set him as a pattern, and to write, as he supposes that author would have done, had he lived in our age, and in our country. … imitation of an author is the most advantageous way for a translator to show himself, but the greatest wrong which can be done to the memory and reputation of the dead». …imitation and verbal version are the two extremes which ought to be avoided. The sense of an author is to be sacred and inviolable». Who might the author of this quotation be: a. Jeremy Munday; b. David Crystal; c. John Dryden; d. John Catford. 27. «... you should underline all neologisms, metaphors, cultural words and institutional terms peculiar to the SL or third language, proper names, technical terms and ’untranslatable’ words... You underline words that you have to consider out of as well as within context, in order to establish their semantic range, their frontiers... Underline only the items where you see a translation problem, and bear in mind that it is often helpful to study such an item first in context, then in isolation, as though it were a dictionary or an encyclopedia entry only, and finally in context again». Who might the author of this quotation be: a. Peter Newmark; b. Lawrence Venuti; c. Jeremy Munday; d. John Catford. 28. «We, and all the modern tongues, have more articles and pronouns, besides signs of tenses and cases, and other barbarities on which our speech is built by the faults of our forefathers. The Romans founded theirs upon the Greek: and the Greeks, we know, were labouring many hundred years upon their language, before they brought it to perfection. They rejected all those signs, and cut off as many articles as they could spare; comprehending in one word what we are constrained to express in two; which is one reason why we cannot write so concisely as they have done. The word pater, for example, signifies not only a father, but your father, my father, his or her father, all included in a word. The inconvenience is common to all modern tongues; and this alone constrains us to employ more words than the ancients needed». Who might the author of this quotation be: a. Peter Newmark; b. John Dryden; c. Lawrence Venuti; d. Jeremy Munday. 29. «…responsibility towards the author, the initiator and the target recipient is what I call loyalty. Loyalty is a moral principle indispensable in the relationships between human beings who are partners in a communicative action. Functionality + loyalty means, then, that the translator should aim at producing a functional target text which conforms to the requirements of the translation scopos fixed by the initiator, respecting, at the same time, if necessary, the legitimate interests of both the author of the original and the readers of the translation. Within the framework of this concept, the translator can focus on particular aspects of the source text and disregard others, if this is required by the translation scopos. The communicative function of a text is derived from the specific constellation of the factors of the communicative situation in which it is used. …The interplay between extratextual and intratextual factors can be conveniently expressed in the following set of questions, based on the so-called New Rhetoric formula. Who transmits to whom, what for, by which medium, where, when, why a text with what function? On what subject matter does he say what (what not), in what order, using which non-verbal elements, in which words, in what kind of sentences, in which tone, to what effect? » Who might the author of this quotation be: a. Peter Newmark; b. Lawrence Venuti; c. Christiane Nord; d. Jeremy Munday. 30. «There are also question marks as to how Reiss's proposed translation methods are to be applied in the case of a specific text. Even the apparently logical 'plain-prose' method for the informative text can be called into question. Business and financial texts in English contain a large number of simple and complex metaphors: markets are bullish and bearish, profits soar, peak, dive and plummet, while carpetbaggers besiege building societies and banks employ a scorched-earth policy in the face of hostile take-over bids. Some of these have a fixed translation in another language, but the more complex and individualistic mЂetaphors do not. Similarly, the translation of business texts into English requires more than just attention to the informative value of the ST, since such a method could create an English TT that is lacking in the expressive function of language». Who might the author of this quotation be: a. Peter Newmark; b. Lawrence Venuti; c. Christiane Nord; d. Jeremy Munday.
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